विनास पछिको विकासमा जापान, जर्मनी जस्ता देशहरू उदाहरणीय छन्। पहिलो विश्व युद्धमा आफैले निकै ठूलो क्षति वेहोरेको जर्मनीलाई त्यो विश्व युद्धको समाप्ति पछि बेलायत, फ्रान्स र अन्य विजेता राष्ट्रहरूले ठूलो मात्रामा क्षतिपूर्ति भराउन बाध्य पारे। क्षतिपूर्ति सहित युद्ध अन्त्य गर्ने यस सन्धिलाई ” वर्साइ सन्धि (Treaty of Versailles) ” भनिन्छ।
खासमा युद्धको मुख्य दोषी जर्मनीलाई ठहर्याउँदै वर्साइ सन्धिको धारा 231, जसलाई “युद्ध अपराध धारा” (War Guilt Clause) भनिन्छमा, जर्मनी र यसका सहयोगी राष्ट्रहरूलाई पहिलो विश्व युद्धको सम्पूर्ण दोषी मानिएको थियो। यसले जर्मनीलाई युद्धका सबै आर्थिक, मानवीय र भौतिक क्षतिहरूको लागि जिम्मेवार ठहरायो।
त्यसकारण विजेताहरूले क्षतिपूर्तिको माग गर्दै युद्धको समयमा ध्वस्त भएका क्षेत्रहरू पुनर्निर्माण गर्न र युद्धको आर्थिक भारलाई सम्बोधन गर्नु पर्ने भनेर क्षतिपूर्ति स्वरूप जर्मनीलाई बेल्जियम, फ्रान्स र अन्य युद्ध प्रभावित क्षेत्रहरूको पुनर्निर्माणका लागि ठूलो मात्रामा रकम तिर्नुपर्ने गरी सन्धिमा हस्ताक्षर गर्न बाध्य पारियो।जर्मनहरू यसमा असन्तुष्ट थिए।
युरोप महाद्वीपमा विद्रोही र विध्वंसक राष्ट्रको आरोप थोपरेर जर्मनीको आर्थिक शक्तिलाई कमजोर पार्ने उद्देश्य पनि वर्साइ सन्धिको थियो ताकि भविष्यमा फेरि यस्तो ठूलो युद्ध नहोस्। वर्साइ सन्धिले जर्मनीलाई तत्कालीन मूल्य अनुसार 132 अर्ब गोल्ड मार्क्स क्षतिपूर्ति तिर्नुपर्ने निर्धारण गर्यो। यसले जर्मनीको औद्योगिक उत्पादनमा समेत नकारात्मक असर पार्यो। यो रकम जर्मनीको अर्थतन्त्रका लागि एकदमै भारी थियो र यसले जर्मनीलाई दीर्घकालीन आर्थिक संकटमा धकेल्यो।
उता, बेलायत, फ्रान्स र अन्य विजेता राष्ट्रहरूले आफ्नो जनताको सामु युद्धका लागि जिम्मेवार पक्षलाई सजाय दिलाउन राजनीतिक दबाब महसुस गरेका थिए। यसले गर्दा उनीहरूले जर्मनीलाई कडा शर्तहरू लगाउन प्रेरित गर्यो।यी कारणहरूले गर्दा पहिलो विश्व युद्धपछि जर्मनीलाई ठूलो मात्रामा क्षतिपूर्ति तिराइयो, जसले देशको आर्थिक, सामाजिक र राजनीतिक परिदृश्यलाई गम्भीर रूपले प्रभावित गर्यो।
दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध (1939-1945) संसारभरिका धेरै राष्ट्रहरूबीच भएको एक ठूलो र विनाशकारी संघर्ष थियो। यो युद्धको सुरुआत मुख्यतया “वर्साइ सन्धिको असन्तोष” नै थियो। पहिलो विश्व युद्धपछि हस्ताक्षर गरिएको वर्साइ सन्धिले जर्मनीमाथि कडा शर्तहरू लगाएको थियो। यी शर्तहरूले जर्मनीमा असन्तोष र राष्ट्रियतावादी भावनाहरू उत्पन्न गर्यो, जसले हिटलरको उदय र विस्तारवादी नीतिहरूलाई प्रोत्साहन दियो।
एडोल्फ हिटलरको नेतृत्वमा नाजी जर्मनीले आफ्नो क्षेत्र विस्तार गर्ने उद्देश्य राखेको थियो। हिटलरले 1938 मा अस्ट्रिया र 1939 मा चेकोस्लोभाकियाको सुडेटनल्याण्ड क्षेत्रलाई जर्मनीमा समाहित गर्यो।
त्यसैगरी 1 सेप्टेम्बर 1939 मा जर्मनीले पोल्याण्डमा आक्रमण गर्यो। जर्मनीको महत्त्वाकाङ्क्षी यस कदम. विरूध्द बेलायत र फ्रान्सलाई युद्ध घोषणा गर्न बाध्य पार्यो, जसले दोस्रो विश्व युद्धको औपचारिक सुरुआत गर्यो।पहिलो विश्व युद्धमा पराजय भोगेका राष्ट्रहरू मिलेर आफ्नो शक्ति विस्तार गर्ने प्रयास भइराखेको थियो। जर्मनी, इटाली र जापान यस समूहका मुख्य सदस्य थिए। अघिल्लो युद्धबाटै जर्मनीसँग बिच्किएका शक्ति राष्ट्रहरू ( बेलायत, फ्रान्स, सोभियत संघ र पछि अमेरिकासमेत)ले धुरी राष्ट्रहरूको विस्तारवादी नीतिहरूको विरोध गर्न संघर्ष गरे।
यस प्रकार, दोस्रो विश्व युद्धको सुरुआत जर्मनीको आक्रमण र धुरी राष्ट्रहरूको विस्तारवादी योजनाहरूको परिणामस्वरूप भएको थियो।
जर्मनीको ह्याम्वर्गस्थित बंकर
दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धसँग जोडिएको जर्मनीको ह्याम्बर्गस्थित सेन्ट पाउलीमा रहेको बंकर, जसलाई “सेंट पाउली बंकर” पनि भनिन्छ, दोस्रो विश्वयुद्धको समयमा निर्माण गरिएको एक विशाल संरचना हो। यसको निर्माणको उद्देश्य शहरमा हवाई आक्रमणबाट सुरक्षा प्रदान गर्नु थियो।
बंकरको इतिहास:
सन् 1942 मा, नाजी जर्मनीको शासनकालमा, बंकरको निर्माण कार्य सुरु भयो।
उद्देश्य : यो बंकर ह्यामबर्ग शहरमा बसोबास गर्ने नागरिकहरूलाई हवाई आक्रमणबाट जोगाउन बनाइएको थियो।
आकार र क्षमता : बंकरको संरचना अत्यन्तै ठुलो छ। यसले करिब 18 हजार मानिसलाई सुरक्षा प्रदान गर्न सक्छ। यसका पर्खालहरू 3.5 मिटर मोटा छन्।
विशेषताहरू : बंकरमा चारवटा ठूला टावरहरू छन्। यसले नाजी प्रचार प्रसारका लागि रेडियो प्रसारण उपकरण पनि समावेश गर्थ्यो।
युद्धपछि : युद्धको अन्त्यपछि, यो बंकरलाई विभिन्न प्रयोजनहरूमा प्रयोग गरियो। शीत युद्धको समयमा, यो बंकरलाई पुनः प्रयोगमा ल्याउने प्रयास गरिएको थियो।
वर्तमानमा : अहिले, यो बंकर विभिन्न सांस्कृतिक तथा सामाजिक गतिविधिको केन्द्र बनेको छ। यसमा संगीत स्टुडियो, कला ग्यालरीहरू र क्लबहरू छन्। यसको छतमा एक सौर्य उर्जा संयन्त्र रहेको छ।
निष्कर्षः ऐतिहासिक महत्त्व बोकेको यो बंकर ह्याम्बर्गको एक महत्त्वपूर्ण ऐतिहासिक धरोहर हो, जसले द्वितीय विश्वयुद्धको कालखण्डको याद दिलाउँछ भने अहिले, सेंट पाउली बंकर ह्याम्बर्गको एक प्रसिद्ध सांस्कृतिक स्थल हो, जसले विभिन्न प्रकारका कार्यक्रमहरूको आयोजना गर्दछ।
सेंट पाउली बंकर ह्याम्बर्गको इतिहास र संस्कृतिमा एक महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थल बनेको छ। दैनिक हजारौंको संख्यामा मानिसहरू पुगेर त्यसको अवलोकन गर्ने र त्यहाँबाट देखिने ह्याम्वर्गको धित मरून्जेल दृश्यावलोकन गर्ने र क्यामेरामा कैद गर्ने रहेछन्।जर्मनी भ्रमणको क्रममा यो लेखकले पनि यसको अवलोकन र यसको ऐतिहासिकता वारे जानकारी लिने मौका पाएकोले ह्याम्वर्गको एक प्रतीक बनेको सेन्ट पाउली बंकरका बारेमा यहाँ उल्लेख गरेको छु।
गोपाल गिरी, हालः जर्मनी
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